The politics of home-making: A gender-based approach to self-help housing
Authors
-
Ignacia Ossul-Vermehren
University College London
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4469-5268
Abstract
For dwellers of informal settlements the value of housing is not only determined by its material aspects, but also by immaterial and political elements. The theoretical notion of ‘home’ by feminist geographers has gradually been introduced in housing studies as a way to counteract the view of housing just as a material need, as well as to introduce a gender approach to housing. Although women have played a key role in accessing housing in Chile, there has been little recognition of this in literature or in practice. The paper presents four aspects of the feminist literature of home in order to discuss a gender approach to the production of informal housing. In order to do this, the paper presents four dimensions: home-making and the emotions that drive it; home-making through the intersectionality of identities; home-making at different territorial scales; and home-making and its political dimension. The dimensions are discussed through a gender-approached research in informal settlements in Viña del Mar, using qualitative methodology with participatory photography and life stories.References
Affordable land and housing in Latin America. (2011). London: UN-HABITAT.
Arellano, N. (2005). Historia local del acceso popular al suelo. El caso de la ciudad de Viña del Mar. Revista INVI, 20(54), 56-84.
Baldez, L. (2002). Why women protest: Women's movements in Chile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bayat, A. (2013). Life as politics: How ordinary people change the Middle East. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Besserer, F. (2000), Sentimientos (in)apropiados de las mujeres migrantes: Hacia una nueva cuidadanía. En D. Barrera & C. Oehmichen (Eds.), Migración y relaciones de género en México (pp. 371-389). México: GIMTRAP-UNAM/IIA.
Blunt, A. & Dowling, R. (2006). Home. London: Routledge.
Bondi, L., Davidson, J. & Smith, M. (2007). Introduction: Geography’s “Emotional Turn”. En Davidson, J., Smith, M., & Bondi, L. (Eds.), Emotional geographies (pp. 1-18). Inglaterra: Ashgate.
Brain, I., Prieto, J., y Sabatini, F. (2010). Vivir en campamentos: ¿camino hacia la vivienda formal o estrategia de localización para enfrentar la vulnerabilidad? EURE, 38, 11-141. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612010000300005.
Brickell, K. (2011). Geographies of ‘home’ and belonging in translocal Siem Reap, Cambodia. En: K. Brickell & A. Datta (Eds.) Translocal geographies: Spaces, places and connections (pp. 23-38). Farnham: Ashgate.
Carli, B. & Frediani, A.A. (2016). Insurgent regeneration: Spatial practices of citizenship in the rehabilitation of inner-city São Paulo. GeoHumanities, 2(2), 331-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/2373566X.2016.1235984.
Castell, M. (1977). The urban question: A Marxist approach. London: Edward Arnold.
Castillo, M.J. (2014). Competencias de los pobladores en vivienda y barrio: trayectoria y experiencias recientes en Chile. América Latina Hoy, 68, 17-37. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh2014681737.
Catastro nacional de campamentos: el número de familias en campamentos no deja de aumentar. (2016). Recuperado de http://www.techo.org/paises/chile/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Catastro-Nacional-de-Campamentos-2016.pdf
Clapham, D. (2002). Housing pathways: A postmodern analytical framework. Housing, theory and society, 19(2), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/140360902760385565.
______ (2010). Happiness, well-being and housing policy. Policy and Politics, 38(2), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557310X488457.
Dandavati, A.G. (2005). Engendering democracy in Chile. New York: Peter Lang.
Deere, C.D., & Leon, M. (2014). The importance of gender and property. En C.D. Deere & M. Leon de Leal (Eds.), Empowering women: Land and property rights in Latin America (pp. 1-31). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Certeau, M.d. (1988). The practice of everyday life (2nd. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Drew, S. & Guillemin, M. (2014). From photographs to findings: Visual meaning-making and interpretive engagement in the analysis of participant-generated images. Visual Studies, 29(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2014.862994.
Ducci, M.E. (1994). Políticas de vivienda y mujer. EURE, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 20(59), 73-91. Recuperado de http://www.eure.cl/index.php/eure/article/view/1086.
______ (1997). Chile: el lado obscuro de una política de vivienda exitosa. EURE, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 23(69), 99-115. Recuperado de http://www.eure.cl/index.php/eure/article/view/1164
Errazuriz, M.M. (1992). El gobierno local como espacio para la acción con mujeres: promesa que requiere reflexión. En D. Raczynski y C. Serrano (Eds.), Políticas sociales, mujeres y gobierno local (pp. 31-49). Santiago de Chile: CIEPLAN.
Fiori, J., Riley, E., & Ramirez, R. (2001). Physical upgrading and social integration in of Rio de Janeiro: The case of Favela Bairro. disP - The Planning Review, 37(147), 48-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2001.10556788.
Gilbert, A. (2002). Power, ideology and the Washington consensus: The development and spread of Chilean housing policy. Housing Studies, 17(2), 305-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030220123243.
Guillemin, M. & Drew, S. (2010). Questions of process in participant-generated visual methodologies. Visual Studies, 25(2), 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2010.502676.
Harvey, D. (2008). The right to the city. New Left Review, (58). Recuperado de https://newleftreview.org/II/53/david-harvey-the-right-to-the-city.
Heidegger, M. (1971). Building, dwelling, thinking. En Poetry, language, thought. New York: Harper & Row.
hooks, B. (1990). Yearnings: Race, gender, and cultural politics. Boston M.A.: South End Press.
Honig, B. (1994). Difference, dilemmas, and the politics of home. Social Research, 61(3), 563–597.
King, P. (2005). The common place: The ordinary experience of housing. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Kirkwood, J. (2010). Ser política en Chile: Las feministas y los partidos (2a. ed.). Santiago: LOM.
Levy, C. (1996). The process of institutionalising gender in policy and planning: The web of institutionalisation. London: Development Planning Unit, University College of London.
Mallett, S. (2004). Understanding home: a critical review of the literature. The Sociological Review, 52(1), 62–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00442.x.
Manzo, L. (2014). Exploring the shadow side. Place attachment in the context of stigma, displacement, and social housing. En L. Manzo & P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment. Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp. 178-190). New York: Routledge.
Márquez, F. (2004). Márgenes y ceremonial: Los pobladores y las políticas de vivienda social en Chile. Política, (43), 183-203.
______ (2006). Políticas sociales de vivienda en Chile: de la autoconstrucción tutelada a la privatización segregada 1967-1997. Cadernos Gestão Pública e Cidadania, 11(49), 79-108. https://doi.org/10.12660/cgpc.v11n49.44067.
Massey, D. (1992). A place called home. New Formations, 17(3), 3-15.
McDowell, L. (1992). Doing gender: Feminism, feminists and research methods in Human Geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 17(4), 399–416. https://doi.org/10.2307/622707
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (2013). Catastro 2011: mapa social de campamentos resultados generales. Santiago: Autor.
Mora, P., Sabatini, F., Fulgueiras, M., e Innocenti, D. (2014). Disyuntivas en la política habitacional chilena. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Morgan, D. (2011). Rethinking family practices. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Moser, C.O.N. (1993). Gender planning and development: Theory, practice and training (1st. ed.). London: Routledge.
#NiUnaMenos: miles de mujeres se toman las calles de América Latina para exigir el fin de la violencia de género (2016, 19 de octubre). BBC. Recuperado de http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-37711297
Objetivo 11: Lograr que las ciudades y los asentamientos humanos sean inclusivos, seguros, resilientes y sostenibles. (2016). Recuperado de http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/cities/.
Ossul-Vermehren, I. (2017). Opinión: Campamento Felipe Camiroaga y el derecho a la radicación. Recuperado de http://www.plataformaurbana.cl/archive/2017/03/02/opinion-campamento-felipe-camiroaga-y-el-derecho-a-la-radicacion/
Pink, S. (2007). Doing visual etnography (2nd. ed.). London: Sage.
Pino, A. (2015). Quebradas de Valparaiso: memoria social construida. Santiago: Fondart.
Pretoria declaration on informal settlements. (2016) Recuperado de https://unhabitat.org/pretoria-declaration-on-informal-settlements/
Read, C.J. (2014). Un-settlement: Demolition, home remaking, and the everyday politics of citizenship in a low-income Delhi neighborhood. Home Cultures, 11(2), 197-218. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174214X13891916944670.
Rolnik, R. (2011). Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living and on the right to non-discrimination in this context, Raquel Rolnik. United Nations. Recuperado de http://www.ohchr.org/documents/issues/housing/A-HRC-19-53_en.pdf
Rodríguez, A. y Sugranyes, A. (2004). El problema de vivienda de los “con techo”. EURE, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 30(91), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612004009100004.
Rose, G. (2001). Visual methodologies: An introduction to researching with visual materials. London: Sage.
Sandu, A. (2013). Transnational homemaking practices: Identity, belonging and informal learning. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 21(4), 496-512. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2013.865379.
Santibañez, H. y Brignardello A. (2005). La memoria de los barrios: síntesis de cinco historias locales de Viña del Mar contadas por adultos mayores. Recuperado de http://www.archivochile.com/Mov_sociales/mov_pobla/MSmovpobla0010.pdf.
Siclari, P. (2012). Política habitacional chilena hoy: advertencias para la réplica latinoamericana. Revista NAU Social. 3(4), 201-223.
Tres detenidos en protestas que obligaron a suspender piscinazo de Kika Silva. (2017, 25 de febrero). Emol. Recuperado de http://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2017/02/25/846738/Tres-detenidos-en-protestas-que-obligaron-a-suspender-piscinazo-de-Kika-Silva.html
Turner, J. (1991). Housing by people: Toward autonomy in building environment (3rd ed.) London: Marion Boyars.
Van Auken, P., Frisvoll, S., & Stewart, S. (2010), Visualising community: using participant-driven photo-elicitation for research and application. Local Environment, 15(4), 373-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549831003677670.
Vildósola, L. (2011). Vin?a del Mar, ciudad de tomas silenciosas. Kutral, (2), 55-74.
Willmott, C. (2002). Constructing citizenship in the poblaciones of Santiago, Chile: The role of reproductive and sexual rights (pp. 124-148). En N. Craske & M. Molyneux (Eds.), Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America. New York: Palgrave.
Wolf, D. (1996). Situating feminist dilemmas in fieldwork. En D. Wolf (Ed.), Feminist dilemmas in fieldwork (pp. 1-55). Boulder: Westview Press.
Young, I.M. (2002). House and home: Variations on a theme. En C. Mui, & J. Murphy (Eds.), Gender struggles: Practical approaches to contemporary feminism (pp. 314-400). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Arellano, N. (2005). Historia local del acceso popular al suelo. El caso de la ciudad de Viña del Mar. Revista INVI, 20(54), 56-84.
Baldez, L. (2002). Why women protest: Women's movements in Chile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bayat, A. (2013). Life as politics: How ordinary people change the Middle East. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Besserer, F. (2000), Sentimientos (in)apropiados de las mujeres migrantes: Hacia una nueva cuidadanía. En D. Barrera & C. Oehmichen (Eds.), Migración y relaciones de género en México (pp. 371-389). México: GIMTRAP-UNAM/IIA.
Blunt, A. & Dowling, R. (2006). Home. London: Routledge.
Bondi, L., Davidson, J. & Smith, M. (2007). Introduction: Geography’s “Emotional Turn”. En Davidson, J., Smith, M., & Bondi, L. (Eds.), Emotional geographies (pp. 1-18). Inglaterra: Ashgate.
Brain, I., Prieto, J., y Sabatini, F. (2010). Vivir en campamentos: ¿camino hacia la vivienda formal o estrategia de localización para enfrentar la vulnerabilidad? EURE, 38, 11-141. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612010000300005.
Brickell, K. (2011). Geographies of ‘home’ and belonging in translocal Siem Reap, Cambodia. En: K. Brickell & A. Datta (Eds.) Translocal geographies: Spaces, places and connections (pp. 23-38). Farnham: Ashgate.
Carli, B. & Frediani, A.A. (2016). Insurgent regeneration: Spatial practices of citizenship in the rehabilitation of inner-city São Paulo. GeoHumanities, 2(2), 331-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/2373566X.2016.1235984.
Castell, M. (1977). The urban question: A Marxist approach. London: Edward Arnold.
Castillo, M.J. (2014). Competencias de los pobladores en vivienda y barrio: trayectoria y experiencias recientes en Chile. América Latina Hoy, 68, 17-37. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh2014681737.
Catastro nacional de campamentos: el número de familias en campamentos no deja de aumentar. (2016). Recuperado de http://www.techo.org/paises/chile/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Catastro-Nacional-de-Campamentos-2016.pdf
Clapham, D. (2002). Housing pathways: A postmodern analytical framework. Housing, theory and society, 19(2), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/140360902760385565.
______ (2010). Happiness, well-being and housing policy. Policy and Politics, 38(2), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557310X488457.
Dandavati, A.G. (2005). Engendering democracy in Chile. New York: Peter Lang.
Deere, C.D., & Leon, M. (2014). The importance of gender and property. En C.D. Deere & M. Leon de Leal (Eds.), Empowering women: Land and property rights in Latin America (pp. 1-31). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Certeau, M.d. (1988). The practice of everyday life (2nd. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Drew, S. & Guillemin, M. (2014). From photographs to findings: Visual meaning-making and interpretive engagement in the analysis of participant-generated images. Visual Studies, 29(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2014.862994.
Ducci, M.E. (1994). Políticas de vivienda y mujer. EURE, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 20(59), 73-91. Recuperado de http://www.eure.cl/index.php/eure/article/view/1086.
______ (1997). Chile: el lado obscuro de una política de vivienda exitosa. EURE, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 23(69), 99-115. Recuperado de http://www.eure.cl/index.php/eure/article/view/1164
Errazuriz, M.M. (1992). El gobierno local como espacio para la acción con mujeres: promesa que requiere reflexión. En D. Raczynski y C. Serrano (Eds.), Políticas sociales, mujeres y gobierno local (pp. 31-49). Santiago de Chile: CIEPLAN.
Fiori, J., Riley, E., & Ramirez, R. (2001). Physical upgrading and social integration in of Rio de Janeiro: The case of Favela Bairro. disP - The Planning Review, 37(147), 48-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2001.10556788.
Gilbert, A. (2002). Power, ideology and the Washington consensus: The development and spread of Chilean housing policy. Housing Studies, 17(2), 305-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030220123243.
Guillemin, M. & Drew, S. (2010). Questions of process in participant-generated visual methodologies. Visual Studies, 25(2), 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2010.502676.
Harvey, D. (2008). The right to the city. New Left Review, (58). Recuperado de https://newleftreview.org/II/53/david-harvey-the-right-to-the-city.
Heidegger, M. (1971). Building, dwelling, thinking. En Poetry, language, thought. New York: Harper & Row.
hooks, B. (1990). Yearnings: Race, gender, and cultural politics. Boston M.A.: South End Press.
Honig, B. (1994). Difference, dilemmas, and the politics of home. Social Research, 61(3), 563–597.
King, P. (2005). The common place: The ordinary experience of housing. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Kirkwood, J. (2010). Ser política en Chile: Las feministas y los partidos (2a. ed.). Santiago: LOM.
Levy, C. (1996). The process of institutionalising gender in policy and planning: The web of institutionalisation. London: Development Planning Unit, University College of London.
Mallett, S. (2004). Understanding home: a critical review of the literature. The Sociological Review, 52(1), 62–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00442.x.
Manzo, L. (2014). Exploring the shadow side. Place attachment in the context of stigma, displacement, and social housing. En L. Manzo & P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment. Advances in theory, methods and applications (pp. 178-190). New York: Routledge.
Márquez, F. (2004). Márgenes y ceremonial: Los pobladores y las políticas de vivienda social en Chile. Política, (43), 183-203.
______ (2006). Políticas sociales de vivienda en Chile: de la autoconstrucción tutelada a la privatización segregada 1967-1997. Cadernos Gestão Pública e Cidadania, 11(49), 79-108. https://doi.org/10.12660/cgpc.v11n49.44067.
Massey, D. (1992). A place called home. New Formations, 17(3), 3-15.
McDowell, L. (1992). Doing gender: Feminism, feminists and research methods in Human Geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 17(4), 399–416. https://doi.org/10.2307/622707
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (2013). Catastro 2011: mapa social de campamentos resultados generales. Santiago: Autor.
Mora, P., Sabatini, F., Fulgueiras, M., e Innocenti, D. (2014). Disyuntivas en la política habitacional chilena. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Morgan, D. (2011). Rethinking family practices. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Moser, C.O.N. (1993). Gender planning and development: Theory, practice and training (1st. ed.). London: Routledge.
#NiUnaMenos: miles de mujeres se toman las calles de América Latina para exigir el fin de la violencia de género (2016, 19 de octubre). BBC. Recuperado de http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-37711297
Objetivo 11: Lograr que las ciudades y los asentamientos humanos sean inclusivos, seguros, resilientes y sostenibles. (2016). Recuperado de http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/cities/.
Ossul-Vermehren, I. (2017). Opinión: Campamento Felipe Camiroaga y el derecho a la radicación. Recuperado de http://www.plataformaurbana.cl/archive/2017/03/02/opinion-campamento-felipe-camiroaga-y-el-derecho-a-la-radicacion/
Pink, S. (2007). Doing visual etnography (2nd. ed.). London: Sage.
Pino, A. (2015). Quebradas de Valparaiso: memoria social construida. Santiago: Fondart.
Pretoria declaration on informal settlements. (2016) Recuperado de https://unhabitat.org/pretoria-declaration-on-informal-settlements/
Read, C.J. (2014). Un-settlement: Demolition, home remaking, and the everyday politics of citizenship in a low-income Delhi neighborhood. Home Cultures, 11(2), 197-218. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174214X13891916944670.
Rolnik, R. (2011). Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living and on the right to non-discrimination in this context, Raquel Rolnik. United Nations. Recuperado de http://www.ohchr.org/documents/issues/housing/A-HRC-19-53_en.pdf
Rodríguez, A. y Sugranyes, A. (2004). El problema de vivienda de los “con techo”. EURE, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 30(91), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612004009100004.
Rose, G. (2001). Visual methodologies: An introduction to researching with visual materials. London: Sage.
Sandu, A. (2013). Transnational homemaking practices: Identity, belonging and informal learning. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 21(4), 496-512. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2013.865379.
Santibañez, H. y Brignardello A. (2005). La memoria de los barrios: síntesis de cinco historias locales de Viña del Mar contadas por adultos mayores. Recuperado de http://www.archivochile.com/Mov_sociales/mov_pobla/MSmovpobla0010.pdf.
Siclari, P. (2012). Política habitacional chilena hoy: advertencias para la réplica latinoamericana. Revista NAU Social. 3(4), 201-223.
Tres detenidos en protestas que obligaron a suspender piscinazo de Kika Silva. (2017, 25 de febrero). Emol. Recuperado de http://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2017/02/25/846738/Tres-detenidos-en-protestas-que-obligaron-a-suspender-piscinazo-de-Kika-Silva.html
Turner, J. (1991). Housing by people: Toward autonomy in building environment (3rd ed.) London: Marion Boyars.
Van Auken, P., Frisvoll, S., & Stewart, S. (2010), Visualising community: using participant-driven photo-elicitation for research and application. Local Environment, 15(4), 373-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549831003677670.
Vildósola, L. (2011). Vin?a del Mar, ciudad de tomas silenciosas. Kutral, (2), 55-74.
Willmott, C. (2002). Constructing citizenship in the poblaciones of Santiago, Chile: The role of reproductive and sexual rights (pp. 124-148). En N. Craske & M. Molyneux (Eds.), Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America. New York: Palgrave.
Wolf, D. (1996). Situating feminist dilemmas in fieldwork. En D. Wolf (Ed.), Feminist dilemmas in fieldwork (pp. 1-55). Boulder: Westview Press.
Young, I.M. (2002). House and home: Variations on a theme. En C. Mui, & J. Murphy (Eds.), Gender struggles: Practical approaches to contemporary feminism (pp. 314-400). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
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