Monitoring advances on urban development: Analysis of green spaces registers in the metropolitan area of Santiago, Chile
Authors
-
Sonia Reyes Paecke
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5888-1507
-
Francisco De la Barrera Melgarejo
Universidad de Concepción
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6854-3197
Abstract
Advances in urban development goals can be measured through indicator systems. The Chilean National Council for Urban Development (CNDU) has proposed a set of indicators to monitor the progress of Chilean cities towards the goals proposed by the National Urban Development Policy, incorporating issues associated to urban green spaces (UGS) in two areas of evaluation: access urban amenities, and urban environmental quality. This article aims to contribute to the analysis of the processes of information collection, data processing and construction of updated indicators of urban development in Chile by identifying the challenges posed by the implementation of a complex system of urban development monitoring. The study focuses on identifying, analyzing and comparing the UGS cadastres of the AMS generated by public institutions, to assess whether they can feed evidence-based design processes for public policy, and the development of a monitoring system of the advances in urban development. Analysis is based on the UGS cadastres carried out in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago between 1992 and 2016 by identifying the responsible institutions, the sources of information and the data obtaining and validating methods. Results show that these cadastres are not comparable to each other, as they use different criteria for the UGS identification and classification, different data sources and collection methods. The fragmentation of decision-making regarding UGS generates inconsistent information, hindering the evaluation of public policy results. The effective implementation of the system of indicators proposed by the CNDU will require the generation of a solid, up-to-date and transparent information basis, prepared by relevant institutions, and validated by proper procedures.References
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Banzhaf, E., Reyes-Paecke, S., y De la Barrera, F. (2018). What really matters in green infrastructure for the urban quality of life? Santiago de Chile as a showcase city. En: S. Kabisch, et ál. (Eds.), Urban transformations. Sustainable urban development through resource efficiency, quality of life and resilience (pp. 281-300). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59324-1_1
Burger, J. (2006). Bioindicators: a review of their use in the environmental literature 1970-2005. Environmental Bioindicators, 1(2), 136-144.
Carrus, G., Scopetelli, M., Lafortezza, R., Colangelo, G., Ferrini, F., Salbitano, F., … Sanesi, G. (2015). Go greener, feel better? The positive effects of biodiversity on the well-being of individuals visiting urban and peri-urban green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 134, 221-228. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.022
Castro, R. y Patillo, C. (1992). Cuantificación de áreas verdes de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile mediante técnicas de percepción remota y SIG. En Actas del V Coloquio de Geografía Cuantitativa. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza.
Chan, L., Hillel, O., Elmqvist, T., Werner, P., Holman, N., Mader, A., y Calcaterra, E. (2014). User’s manual on the Singapore index on cities’ biodiversity (also known as the City Biodiversity Index). Singapore: National Parks Board.
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Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano [CNDU]. (2017). Sistema de indicadores y estándares de calidad de vida y desarrollo urbano. Santiago: Autor. Recuperado de http://cndu.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/1.-PROPUESTA-SISTEMA-DE-INDICADORES-Y-ESTÁNDARES-DE-DESARROLLO-URBANO.pdf
De La Barrera, F., Reyes-Paecke, S., y Banzhaf, E. (2016). Indicators for green spaces in contrasting urban settings. Ecological Indicators, 62, 212-219. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.10.027
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Dobbs, C., Kendal, D., y Nitschke, C. (2014). Multiple ecosystem services and disservices of the urban forest establishing their connections with landscape structure and sociodemographichs. Ecological Indicators, 43, 44-55. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.007
Gidlow, C., Ellis, N., y Bostock, S. (2012). Development of the Neighbourhood Green Space Tool (NGST). Landscape and Urban Planning, 106(4), 347-358. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.04.007
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Grunewald, K., Richter, B., Meinel, G., Herold, H., y Syrbe, R. (2017). Proposal of indicators regarding the provision and accessibility of green spaces for assessing the ecosystem service “recreation in the city” in Germany. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 13(2), 26-39. doi:10.1080/21513732.2017.1283361
Heinck, U. y Kowarick, I. (2010). What are indicators? On the definition of indicators in ecology and environmental planning. Ecological Indicators, 10(3), 584-593. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.09.009
Honold, J., Lakes, T., Beyer, R., y Van der Meer, E. (2015). Restoration in urban spaces: nature views from home, greenways, and public parks. Environment and Behavior, 48(6), 796-825. doi:10.1177/0013916514568556
Klopp, J. y Petretta, D. (2017). The urban sustainable development goal: Indicators, complexity and the politics of measuring cities. Cities, 63, 92-97. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2016.12.019
Larondelle, N., Haase, D., y Kabisch, N. (2014). Mapping the diversity of regulating ecosystem services in European cities. Global Environmental Change, 26, 119-129. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.008
La Rosa, D. (2014). Accessibility to green spaces: GIS based indicators for sustainable planning in a dense urban context. Ecological Indicators, 42, 122-134. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.011
Livesley, S., Mcpherson, E. G., y Calfapietra, C. (2016). The urban forest and ecosystem services: Impacts on urban water, heat, and pollution cycles at the tree, street and city scale. Journal of Environmental Quality, 45(1), 119-124. doi:10.2134/jeq2015.11.0567
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Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. (2016). Informe del estado del medio ambiente 2016. Santiago, Chile: Autor.
Secretaría Regional Ministerial de Vivienda y Urbanismo [SEREMI MINVU]. (1992). Catastro de áreas verdes del área intercomunal de Santiago. Informe final. Santiago, Chile: Autor.
Secretaría Regional Ministerial de Vivienda y Urbanismo [SEREMI MINVU]. (2004). Estudio diagnóstico del crecimiento óptimo de las áreas urbanas Región Metropolitana. Informe final. Santiago: Autor.
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development [OECD]. (2008). Handbook on constructing composite indicators. Methodology and user guide. Recuperado de: http://www.oecd.org/sdd/42495745.pdf
Pastene, T. y Puppo, A. (2017). Ciudades sustentables. De la gestión a la valoración institucional de las áreas verdes y el arbolado: Temuco-Padre Las Casas. Revista Investigaciones Geográficas, (54), 85-104. doi:10.5354/0719-5370.2017.48043
Patton, D. R. (1987). Is the use of ‘‘management indicator species’’ feasible? Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 2(1), 33-34. doi:10.1093/wjaf/2.1.33
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos [ONU Habitat]. (2012). Estado de las ciudades de América Latina y El Caribe 2012: Rumbo a una nueva transición urbana. Nairobi, Kenya: Autor.
Shear, H., Stadler-Salt, N., Bertram, P., y Horvatin, P. (2003). The development and implementation of indicators of ecosystem health in the Great Lakes basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 88(1-3), 119-151. doi:10.1023/A:1025504704879
Turcu, C. (2013). Re-thinking sustainability indicators: local perspectives of urban sustainability. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 56(5), 695-719. doi:10.1080/09640568.2012.698984
Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Ka?mierczak, A., Niemela, J., y James, P. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using green infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(3), 167-178. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001
United Nations. (2015). Report of the inter-agency and expert group on sustainable development goal indicators. Recuperado de https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/47th-session/documents/2016-2-IAEG-SDGs-E.pdf
United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (2004). Urban indicators guidelines. Monitoring the Habitat Agenda and the Millennium Development Goals. s.l.: Autor.
Vásquez, A. (2016). Infraestructura verde, servicios ecosistémicos y sus aportes para enfrentar el cambio climático en ciudades: el caso del corredor ribereño del río Mapocho en Santiago de Chile. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, (63), 63-86. doi:10.4067/S0718-34022016000100005
Walz, R. (2000). Development of environmental indicator systems: experiences from Germany. Environmental Management, 25(6), 613-623. doi:10.1007/s002670010
Weiland, U., Kindler, A., Banzhaf, E., Ebert, A., y Reyes-Paecke, S. (2011). Indicators for sustainable land use management in Santiago de Chile. Ecological Indicators, 11(5), 1074-1083. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.12.007
Yao, L., Liu, J., Wang, R., Yin, K., y Han, B. (2014). Effective green space equivalent - a measure of public green spaces for cities. Ecological Indicators, 47, 123-127. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.07.009
Badiu, D. L., Ioja, C. I., Patroescu, M., Breuste, J., Artmann, M., Nita, M. R., … Onose, D. A. (2016). Is urban green space per capita a valuable target to achieve cities’ sustainability goals? Ecological Indicators, 70, 53-66. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.05.044
Banzhaf, E., Reyes-Paecke, S., y De la Barrera, F. (2018). What really matters in green infrastructure for the urban quality of life? Santiago de Chile as a showcase city. En: S. Kabisch, et ál. (Eds.), Urban transformations. Sustainable urban development through resource efficiency, quality of life and resilience (pp. 281-300). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59324-1_1
Burger, J. (2006). Bioindicators: a review of their use in the environmental literature 1970-2005. Environmental Bioindicators, 1(2), 136-144.
Carrus, G., Scopetelli, M., Lafortezza, R., Colangelo, G., Ferrini, F., Salbitano, F., … Sanesi, G. (2015). Go greener, feel better? The positive effects of biodiversity on the well-being of individuals visiting urban and peri-urban green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 134, 221-228. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.022
Castro, R. y Patillo, C. (1992). Cuantificación de áreas verdes de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile mediante técnicas de percepción remota y SIG. En Actas del V Coloquio de Geografía Cuantitativa. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza.
Chan, L., Hillel, O., Elmqvist, T., Werner, P., Holman, N., Mader, A., y Calcaterra, E. (2014). User’s manual on the Singapore index on cities’ biodiversity (also known as the City Biodiversity Index). Singapore: National Parks Board.
Comisión Nacional de Medio Ambiente Región Metropolitana [CONAMA]. (2002). Áreas verdes en el Gran Santiago. Santiago, Chile: Autor. 11 p.
Comisión Nacional de Medio Ambiente Región Metropolitana [CONAMA]. (2007). Archivo digital de cobertura de áreas verdes en el área metropolitana de Santiago. Santiago: Autor.
Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano [CNDU]. (2017). Sistema de indicadores y estándares de calidad de vida y desarrollo urbano. Santiago: Autor. Recuperado de http://cndu.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/1.-PROPUESTA-SISTEMA-DE-INDICADORES-Y-ESTÁNDARES-DE-DESARROLLO-URBANO.pdf
De La Barrera, F., Reyes-Paecke, S., y Banzhaf, E. (2016). Indicators for green spaces in contrasting urban settings. Ecological Indicators, 62, 212-219. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.10.027
Deng, D., Liu, S., Wallis, L., Duncan, E., y Mcmanus, P. (2017). Urban sustainability indicators: how do Australian city decision makers perceive and use global reporting standards? Australian Geographer, 48(3), 401-416. doi:10.1080/00049182.2016.1277074
Dobbs, C., Kendal, D., y Nitschke, C. (2014). Multiple ecosystem services and disservices of the urban forest establishing their connections with landscape structure and sociodemographichs. Ecological Indicators, 43, 44-55. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.007
Gidlow, C., Ellis, N., y Bostock, S. (2012). Development of the Neighbourhood Green Space Tool (NGST). Landscape and Urban Planning, 106(4), 347-358. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.04.007
Gobierno Regional Metropolitano de Santiago [GORE]. (2001). Informe restitución aerofotogramétrica e identificación de usos de suelo de la Región Metropolitana. Santiago, Chile: Autor.
Gobierno Regional Metropolitano de Santiago [GORE]. (2009). Estudio: elaboración de una política de áreas verdes para la Región Metropolitana de Santiago. Informe 1: producción de información y diagnóstico. Santiago, Chile: Pulso SA.
Grunewald, K., Richter, B., Meinel, G., Herold, H., y Syrbe, R. (2017). Proposal of indicators regarding the provision and accessibility of green spaces for assessing the ecosystem service “recreation in the city” in Germany. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 13(2), 26-39. doi:10.1080/21513732.2017.1283361
Heinck, U. y Kowarick, I. (2010). What are indicators? On the definition of indicators in ecology and environmental planning. Ecological Indicators, 10(3), 584-593. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.09.009
Honold, J., Lakes, T., Beyer, R., y Van der Meer, E. (2015). Restoration in urban spaces: nature views from home, greenways, and public parks. Environment and Behavior, 48(6), 796-825. doi:10.1177/0013916514568556
Klopp, J. y Petretta, D. (2017). The urban sustainable development goal: Indicators, complexity and the politics of measuring cities. Cities, 63, 92-97. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2016.12.019
Larondelle, N., Haase, D., y Kabisch, N. (2014). Mapping the diversity of regulating ecosystem services in European cities. Global Environmental Change, 26, 119-129. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.008
La Rosa, D. (2014). Accessibility to green spaces: GIS based indicators for sustainable planning in a dense urban context. Ecological Indicators, 42, 122-134. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.011
Livesley, S., Mcpherson, E. G., y Calfapietra, C. (2016). The urban forest and ecosystem services: Impacts on urban water, heat, and pollution cycles at the tree, street and city scale. Journal of Environmental Quality, 45(1), 119-124. doi:10.2134/jeq2015.11.0567
Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. (2012). Informe del estado del medio ambiente 2011. Santiago, Chile: Autor.
Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. (2016). Informe del estado del medio ambiente 2016. Santiago, Chile: Autor.
Secretaría Regional Ministerial de Vivienda y Urbanismo [SEREMI MINVU]. (1992). Catastro de áreas verdes del área intercomunal de Santiago. Informe final. Santiago, Chile: Autor.
Secretaría Regional Ministerial de Vivienda y Urbanismo [SEREMI MINVU]. (2004). Estudio diagnóstico del crecimiento óptimo de las áreas urbanas Región Metropolitana. Informe final. Santiago: Autor.
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development [OECD]. (2008). Handbook on constructing composite indicators. Methodology and user guide. Recuperado de: http://www.oecd.org/sdd/42495745.pdf
Pastene, T. y Puppo, A. (2017). Ciudades sustentables. De la gestión a la valoración institucional de las áreas verdes y el arbolado: Temuco-Padre Las Casas. Revista Investigaciones Geográficas, (54), 85-104. doi:10.5354/0719-5370.2017.48043
Patton, D. R. (1987). Is the use of ‘‘management indicator species’’ feasible? Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 2(1), 33-34. doi:10.1093/wjaf/2.1.33
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos [ONU Habitat]. (2012). Estado de las ciudades de América Latina y El Caribe 2012: Rumbo a una nueva transición urbana. Nairobi, Kenya: Autor.
Shear, H., Stadler-Salt, N., Bertram, P., y Horvatin, P. (2003). The development and implementation of indicators of ecosystem health in the Great Lakes basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 88(1-3), 119-151. doi:10.1023/A:1025504704879
Turcu, C. (2013). Re-thinking sustainability indicators: local perspectives of urban sustainability. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 56(5), 695-719. doi:10.1080/09640568.2012.698984
Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Ka?mierczak, A., Niemela, J., y James, P. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using green infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(3), 167-178. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001
United Nations. (2015). Report of the inter-agency and expert group on sustainable development goal indicators. Recuperado de https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/47th-session/documents/2016-2-IAEG-SDGs-E.pdf
United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (2004). Urban indicators guidelines. Monitoring the Habitat Agenda and the Millennium Development Goals. s.l.: Autor.
Vásquez, A. (2016). Infraestructura verde, servicios ecosistémicos y sus aportes para enfrentar el cambio climático en ciudades: el caso del corredor ribereño del río Mapocho en Santiago de Chile. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, (63), 63-86. doi:10.4067/S0718-34022016000100005
Walz, R. (2000). Development of environmental indicator systems: experiences from Germany. Environmental Management, 25(6), 613-623. doi:10.1007/s002670010
Weiland, U., Kindler, A., Banzhaf, E., Ebert, A., y Reyes-Paecke, S. (2011). Indicators for sustainable land use management in Santiago de Chile. Ecological Indicators, 11(5), 1074-1083. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.12.007
Yao, L., Liu, J., Wang, R., Yin, K., y Han, B. (2014). Effective green space equivalent - a measure of public green spaces for cities. Ecological Indicators, 47, 123-127. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.07.009
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